Under California law, what constitutes elder abuse?

Under California law, elder abuse encompasses a range of actions that can harm elderly individuals, and the definition includes both theft or fraud as well as the unjustifiable infliction of pain or suffering.

The reason why the correct answer includes both theft or fraud and the infliction of pain or suffering is that California's elder abuse laws are designed to protect older adults from financial exploitation and physical or emotional harm.

The law specifically addresses theft and fraud, which can involve manipulating an elder for financial gain or exploiting their vulnerabilities. In addition, causing physical or emotional pain—whether through direct action or through neglect—also falls under the definition of abuse. Therefore, the combination of both types of misconduct offers a comprehensive understanding of what constitutes elder abuse in California, emphasizing the state's commitment to protecting this vulnerable population.

The singular options presented do not capture the complete scope of elder abuse as defined by law, which is why the correct response includes both aspects.